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The Kraków Uprising of February 1846 was an attempt, led by Polish insurgents such as Jan Tyssowski and Edward Dembowski, to incite a fight for national independence. The uprising was centered on the city of Kraków, the capital of a small state of Free City of Kraków. It was directed at the powers that partitioned Poland, in particular, the nearby Austrian Empire. The uprising lasted about nine days, and ended with Austrian victory. ==History== The uprising was primarily organized and supported by members of the Polish nobility and middle class, who desired the restoration of Polish independence after the 1795 partitions of Poland ended its existence as a sovereign state; there was also support for the political and social reforms (such as the demands for the emancipation of peasants and an end to serfdom).〔〔 Many of the insurgents' ideas were developed in exile (see Great Emigration) by activists from organizations such as the Polish Democratic Society.〔〔 The uprising was supposed to take place in other locations, but poor coordination and arrests by authorities broke many other cells, most notably in Greater Poland.〔〔 The uprising was also supported by some local peasants from the Free City and the miners of the Wieliczka salt mine.〔 The Free City of Kraków, nominally independent, was a central place for pro-Polish independence activists to discuss their plans.〔 The Uprising begun on the night of 20 February.〔 The uprising was successful in a short term, briefly taking over the city of Kraków.〔〔 Faced with riots, demonstrations and barricades, a small Austrian force in the city under General Ludwig Collin quickly retreated.〔〔 A provisional government formed on 22 February.〔 That day it issued a radical "Manifesto for the Polish Nation", in which it ordered the end of many elements of serfdom, such as corvée, declared universal suffrage, and other revolutionary ideas inspired by the French Revolution.〔〔〔 Most of the uprising was limited to the Free City of Kraków, where its leaders included Jagiellonian University philosophy professor Michał Wiszniewski, and lecturer and lawyer Jan Tyssowski, who declared himself a dictator on 24 February (Tyssowski was assisted by radical democrat, acting as his secretary, Edward Dembowski, who according to some〔〔 might have been the real leader of the revolutionary government).〔〔〔 On 27 September a struggle for power developed, and Wiszniewski who attempted to take the power was exiled by Tyssowski and Dembowski within matter of hours.〔〔 Austrian forces in the area were led by Ludwig von Benedek.〔 The revolutionaries, despite support from the Free City and its immediate surroundings, fared badly in the wider countryside.〔 They had up to 6,000 volunteers, but these were badly trained and poorly armed.〔 The rebels suffered a defeat on 26 February at the Battle of Gdów and were quickly dispersed by von Benedek's forces.〔〔〔 The Polish commander, Colonel Adam Suchorzewski, was criticized for poor leadership, and for not taking sufficient precautions despite scout reports of an approaching enemy force.〔 The battle was very short, as the Polish forces collapsed almost immediately, with most of the infantry being either captured or killed by the peasants accompanying the Austrian forces.〔 The uprising was soon suppressed by the Austrian army with help from local peasants.〔 The peasant counter-revolt, known as the Galician slaughter, was likely encouraged by the Austrian authorities, who exploited the peasants' dissatisfaction with the landowners.〔〔〔〔 It was ironic, as historian Eric Hobsbawm has noted, that the peasants turned their anger on the revolutionaries, whose ideals included the improvement of peasant situation.〔 Instead, most peasants trusted the Austrian officials, some of whom even promised the peasants to end serfdom and pay a stipend for their participation in the militia aimed at quashing the Polish noble insurgents.〔 It is estimated that about 1,000 to 2,000 Polish nobility who supported the uprising died in the conflict.〔 According to Lerski, Dembowski was apprehended and executed by the Austrians.〔 Others, such as Nance, Davies and Zamoyski however provide another account of his death; according to these sources he died on 27 February fighting the Austrian army, after a religious procession with which he attempted to quell the peasants was attacked.〔〔〔 The government of Tyssowski surrendered, just nine days after taking power, and Kraków was occupied first by Russians (on 3 March), and soon afterward (perhaps on the same day〔), by the Austrians under Collin.〔〔〔 (Davies however writes that Russians joined Austrians on 4 March).〔 Tyssowski, who crossed the Prussian border with about 1,500 soldiers on 4 March, was interned, and later emigrated to the United States.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kraków Uprising」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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